Irradiance and module temperature are the two key factors affecting the power output of a PV system. Although summer offers longer daylight hours and higher irradiance, rising ambient temperatures cause a significant increase in module temperature, which leads to a drop. Although July and August bring the most intense solar irradiation, high temperatures often cause plant output to fall short of that in spring or early summer, as rising temperatures significantly reduce module efficiency and make it difficult for the system to maintain optimal performance. Scientific studies and datasheet data demonstrate a clear. • A higher DC/AC ratio (≧1. 3) of PV systems has been used to reduce the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) The oversupply of electricity is also a rising issue, which is often controlled through curtailment. This is expected and economically efficient ↓ ↑ • Clipping and curtailment reduces. When the temperature of photovoltaic modules (PVM) increases during operation, it leads to a decline in the output, a significant concern for engineers and users. In this process, power devices (such as IGBTs and MOSFETs), inductors, capacitors, and transformers all produce heat.
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